
Essay Review:
by
I first heard of Emma Goldman in my political theory class sophomore year of college. Now that I think about it, I think I would not have read her work (or that of Mary Wollstonecraft) if I didn't attended an all women's college. When I first read Goldman, I was shock that a woman would be bold enough to write about those topics in her time period. Goldman was an anarchist and an advocated of free love. Even though she didn't labeled herself a feminists, and distanced herself from the suffrage movement, she did believed and championed gender equality. She is definably one of the most interesting characters in American history.
The short essay
'Marriage and Love' which, I downloaded for a quick read, goes straight to the point: Goldman is vehemently against marriage. Goldman explains that love and marriage are not synonymous, in fact, if a couple love continues in married life, 'it does so regardless of marriage, and not because of it.' She states that 'marriage is primarily an economic arrangement.' Goldman writes: "If, however, woman's premium is a husband, she pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life, "until death doth part." Moreover, the marriage insurance condemns her to life-long dependency, to parasitism, to complete uselessness, individual as well as social. Man, too, pays his toll, but as his sphere is wider, marriage does not limit him as much as woman. He feels his chains more in an economic sense." In terms of economic strain on the men, Goldman writes that men have to carry the burden of economically providing for his family.
Goldman also draws on the statistic of high divorce rates, one in twelve marriage ends in divorce when she wrote this piece in 1911.* Goldman states that the marriage institution has remained intact for so long because women are seen as having 'no soul', in other words, just an appendix or a rib of a man. Another interesting factor against marriage is the education and training women have towards marriage. She states that women are trained from infancy to get married and have children, yet, they are not taught about sex. Goldman writes, "It is indecent and filthy for a respectable girl to know anything of the marital relation. [...] The prospective wife and mother is kept in complete ignorance of her only asset in the competitive field—sex. Thus she enters into life-long relations with a man only to find herself shocked, repelled, outraged beyond measure by the most natural and healthy instinct, sex. It is safe to say that a large percentage of the unhappiness, misery, distress, and physical suffering of matrimony is due to the criminal ignorance in sex matters that is being extolled as a great virtue. Nor is it at all an exaggeration when I say that more than one home has been broken up because of this deplorable fact." This is something I always wonder about women and marriage from those times. Just imagine how awkward and frightening it must be for her to be completely ignorant about sex, and expected to perform with little or no knowledge.
Goldman writes that if a women does know the 'mystery of sex without the sanction of State or Church', she will be deemed unfit to become the wife of a 'good' man. She ends by saying that marriage only guarantees woman a home 'only by the grace of her husband.' She could not leave if she wanted to, and the husband would leave if she was a 'nag, petty quarrelsome, gossipy, unbearable, thus driving the man from the house.' She also criticised the idea that marriage protects children, since asylums, reformatories, and the streets are full with unwanted children. Furthermore, marriage does not protect women, since is makes them 'absolute dependent' on her husband. She also writes against those who want to stop 'free motherhood' (women who get pregnant willingly). She writes, " Who would fight wars? Who would create wealth? Who would make the policeman, the jailer, if woman were to refuse the indiscriminate breeding of children? The race, the race! shouts the king, the president, the capitalist, the priest. The race must be preserved, though woman be degraded to a mere machine,—and the marriage institution is our only safety valve against the pernicious sex awakening of woman." In other words, women are more than walking incubators and they should decide if, and when, they want to have children.
Goldman concludes that love, without the need of marriage, is enough to bond two people together. "If the world is ever to give birth to true companionship and oneness, not marriage, but love will be the parent." This essay reminded me a lot to the
Mary Wollstonecraft's biography that I read, and her views on marriage. Hers were similar to that of Goldman, in that love and respect between two people was enough to make their relationship valid.
* I searched online but couldn't find a reliable statistic for current divorce rates. It ranges from 1 out of 2, to 1 out of 8 marriages will end in divorce.